Transactional Leadership And The Leadership Style

In contrast, to laissez-faire leadership, transactional leadership includes clear directions or processes that employees are required to follow. In addition, transactional leadership holds the employees accountable for their actions despite the fact that the directions were provided to them. (Odumeru, Ifeanyi, 2013) While this leadership style has its advantages, it also has some disadvantages. There have been many studies on transactional leadership and the style has displayed many positive attributes. The first positive attribute is employee motivation. Since this leadership style is built on rewards and punishments, it has been found to be effective in motivating employees to be productive. For example, the reward that is promised†¦show more content†¦If employees go against these policies, it may result in undesirable actions, like being suspended or even terminated. A transactional leader instructs employees on exactly what to do and how to do it. This type of lea der does not tolerate criticisms or disobedience of any kind. Because of this rigor, the leader generally does not adjust to a given situation or take suggestions from employees which can limit creativity. Since transactional leaders manage their employees by providing a set of rules that must be followed, employee emotions are not taken into consideration as long as goals are met. This can result in employees that are not only disinterested about the well-being of the company, but are also strictly performing a given task to get the promised award. However, the transactional leadership style remains an acceptable style because the ‘carrot and stick’ philosophy can motivate employees get the job done. However, this style, also has many critics because of the way it directs its employees’ performance and hinders the employees from developing leadership skills and does not inspire any creativity. (Kuhnert Lewis, 1987) Transformational Leadership Finally, onto a review of the transformational leadership style. Transformational leaders that are effective develop a vision, communicate changes to employees in a convincing way, nurture trust and motivate others to take action. These leaders are able to motivateShow MoreRelatedTransformational and Transactional Leadership Styles536 Words   |  2 PagesTransformational and Transactional Leadership Styles Transformational leadership theory is intended to create positive change in the followers whereby they take care of each others interests and act in the interests of the group as a whole. Essentially the leaders task is consciousness-raising on a wide plane. The leaders fundamental act is to induce people to be aware or conscious of what they feel and to feel their true needs so strongly, to define their values so meaningfully, that they canRead MoreTransactional Leadership Theory : President Nelson And His Leadership Style839 Words   |  4 PagesIn evaluating Chief Nelson and his leadership style, it is difficult to place him under one theory or another as he exhibits traits of numerous leadership theories, both positive and negative. This would be true of most all people in leadership roles, formal and informal leaders alike. I settled on the transactional leadership theory as it most completely captures his most frequent behaviors. Transactional leadership theory focuses on idea l of obey or else, reward for following and doing as toldRead MoreThe Relationship Between Transactional And Transformational Leadership Styles1221 Words   |  5 PagesThere are two types of leadership: 1. Transactional a. Transactional leadership style concentrates on the tasks for which the employees are responsible. They clarify the employee’s role and task requirements and motivate them by providing them with both negative and positive rewards concerning performance. Transaction leadership focuses on: i. Setting goals. ii. Monitoring progress toward goal achievement. iii. Rewarding or punishing people concerning their achievement of goals. 2. TransformationalRead MoreThe Impact Of Transactional, Transformational And Laissez Faire Leadership Styles On Organisational Performance1556 Words   |  7 PagesDoes leadership make a difference to organisational performance? Leadership is commonly equated with positions of power, influence and status. However, leadership can be seen at all levels of an organisation, not just a person or group of people in a superior position. The influence of leadership on organisational performance is a common topic of interest. There are a number of leadership styles that influence an organisations performance when implemented. The type of leadership style used withinRead MoreChanging Hats: Incorporating Transactional, Transformational and Complexivist Leadership Styles into 21st Century Classrooms2960 Words   |  12 Pagesleaders in the classroom, therefore, teachers need to be aware of this emergent nature of our society. This needs to be reflected in the classroom. In my essay, I will argue that as teachers we need to draw from both transactional and transformational theories of leadership as they can help us understand how to effectively manage our learning environments but that we also need to begin to consider the complexity of an emerging society, promoting both creative and critical thinking. This requiresRead MoreTransformational and Transactional Leadership Styles, Followers Positive and Negative Emotions, and Performance in German Nonprofit Orchestras6932 Words   |  28 PagesTransformational and Transactional Leadership Styles, Followers’ Positive and Negative Emotions, and Performance in German Nonproï ¬ t Orchestras Jens Rowold, Anette Rohmann Although the transformational-transactional leadership paradigm has received increased attention from the research community over the past two decades, the nonproï ¬ t sector has been largely neglected. This study provides information about the effectiveness of transformational and transactional leadership styles in the domain ofRead MoreThe Role Of Transactional And Transformational Leadership Styles On Organizational Commitment And Job Satisfaction Of Customer Contact Personnel913 Words   |  4 PagesComparison Matrix Paper . Article one entitled â€Å"Transformational leadership in the Public Sector: Does Structure Matter?† by Wright and Pandey, discusses the public organization and goes against stereotypical beliefs that they are filled with bureaucracy. Next â€Å"The Effect of Transactional and Transformational Leadership Styles on the Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction of Customer Contact Personnel,† written by Emery and Barker job satisfaction in the banking food store businesses. TheRead MoreTransactional And Transformational Leadership : A Transformational Leader1149 Words   |  5 PagesTransactional and Transformational Leadership For this paper, we were asked if we saw ourselves as a transactional leader or a transformational leader. This was a tough question. When I held managerial positions, I would not have my worker do anything I would not do. I would work beside my workers and encourage them along with overseeing their work. Overall I feel I am a mixture of both leader styles. I will discuss why below. Transactional Versus Transformational Transactional and transformationalRead MoreThe Importance Of Transactional And Transformational Leadership1243 Words   |  5 PagesDifferentiating Transactional and Transformational Leadership There have been identified leaders in the world as far back as history has recorded. In addition, there have been negative and positive leaders, as this is the human condition. Leadership models and theories have been the subject of research for over 100 years. The contributions of leadership theories may have altered the delivery of leadership throughout modern age for positive leaders, because he or she saw the ‘new and different’Read MoreThe Role Of Transactional Versus Transformational Leadership1320 Words   |  6 Pages As the study of leadership has expanded over the past decades, a general shift in the paradigm of leadership style has begun to occur. The male dominated workforce has started to give way to a far more diversified workplace, with increasing numbers of women and minorities in leadership positions. This shift, resultantly, is causing a move away from the traditional leadership styles, with more focus given to contemporary leadership theories. For example, in a recent TED Talk Roselinde Torres discussed

Ray Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451 - 4443 Words

Introduction: How’d He Do That? My appreciation of a literary work was enhanced by understanding symbol when I read Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury. The science fiction novel is about Guy Montag, a man who is a firefighter. In this time, the job of a firefighter is to burn and destroy all books because reading or having books is illegal. He does his job, day by day, burning books without giving it a thought. As the novel continues, Montag realizes that books are not bad and tries to save them. He remembers a time when fire was not a destructive force; fire was also a source of warmth and comfort. In this novel, fire represents two opposing forces, depending on how it is used. The firemen use it to destroy, but Montag learns that it gives a source of a warm and comforting affect when used correctly. Chapter 1 -- Every Trip Is a Quest (Except When It’s Not) The five aspects of the QUEST are a quester, a place to go, a stated reason to go there, challenges en route, and a real reason to go there. In Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird, the quester is Atticus Finch who is a lawyer in Maycomb, Alabama during the Great Depression. He has to go to court to defend Tom Robinson, a black man accused of raping a white woman. The challenges he encounters is the town’s racist white community who wants to have Tom killed without a trial. Atticus’s reason to defend Tom is more than just defending an innocent man in court. He wants to defend Tom because it is the right thing to do; findingShow MoreRelatedRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4511721 Words   |  7 Pagesliterature slowly disappear from the minds of the population? This is the question that Ray Bradbury’s novel, Fahrenheit 451, attempts to answer. In this book, he describes a hypothetical world in which the population not only avoids reading, but has made owning books an unthinkable crime, with all books discovered burned, along with the houses of those who hoarded them. In this dystopian future created by Bradbury, the beauty that is literature has been replaced in society by television programs andRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4511358 Words   |  6 Pagesnotice them, books were outlawed, knowledge was forbidden, and memories were hard to come by? In the 1950 novel Fahrenheit 451, author Ray Bradbury presents a society which invokes much thought about the way we live in society today. It’s a story about a lifestyle in the future that has evolved from our present, but in seemingly different worlds. Through the protagonist, Guy Montag, Bradbury makes a wider point about the dangers that a society can present. The government of this future forbids itsRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4511360 Words   |  6 Pages Ray Bradbury and his Fahrenheit 451 Future Technology has had many great contributions, but is it destroying America as author Ray Bradbury foreseen back in the 1950’s. The intent of this paper is to explain how Fahrenheit 451, which was written over 65 years ago, has begun to come true in some aspects of American society today. The intended audience for this paper is fellow students who have not read this novel, and the professor. Ray Bradbury’s role in Fahrenheit 451 is to help readers understandRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451976 Words   |  4 PagesGuy Montage from Ray Bradbury’s novel Fahrenheit 451 would be similar to life without a choice. Bradbury’s novel Fahrenheit 451 demonstrates how excessive use of technology affects a person’s relationship. Montage is the protagonist of the novel who is a fireman. Montage lives in a world where his job is to burn books, and initiate a fire. The government is trying to outlaw the use of books in the city. Bradbury portrays this new wo rld through the character of Montage. Bradbury describes Montage’sRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4511120 Words   |  5 Pagesindividuality suppression, and the ever-growing gap between upper and lower class. The United States is heading down the path of becoming a dystopian society. Citizens in the United States have the same general behavior as those in Ray Bradbury’s novel, Fahrenheit 451. This novel features a world where cars are fast, music is loud, and watching television is the main way to spend free time. People rarely make time for each other, rarely imagine and form their own opinions, and rarely take the timeRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4512532 Words   |  11 PagesRay Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 is a magnificent masterpiece written to aid in visualizing what a distant future dystopian society would look like; one in which everyone lives in the fast lane, technology is at its crowning, void of human relations and instant satisfactions, as well as gratifications, are constantly being pursued. The novel was written during the era where communism and the holocaust began to sprout. Mr. Bradbury, being a patriot of his country, feared that society was leaning towardRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4512323 Words   |  10 Pagesnot ac cepted, or even worse, a detached society where emotions no longer exist. By reading the first few pages of Fahrenheit 451, readers immediately get the feeling of a dystopian society. Firemen creating fires, instead of extinguishing them, and technology that has taken their society to a whole new level of entertainment. These are exaggerated ideas right off the bat, yet Ray Bradbury carries the readers through the story in order to show them his own outlook on the future- in fact, all dystopianRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4512451 Words   |  10 PagesRay Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451, is a prime example of social criticism. The story sets in the 24th century where people race jet cars; the author’s idea of the future. It shows a flawed social structure, controlled by the media and government with banning and burning of books, and suppressing society’s minds from history. Their logical thought was that it would keep society from thinking too much, which in t urn would prevent bad thoughts, and to keep them â€Å"happy all the time†. The book tells a storyRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4511410 Words   |  6 PagesRay Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451, published in 1953 by Ballantine Books, rose to fame quickly and surely as a grandfather of the dystopian genre. A year after its release, Greg Conklin of Galaxy Science Fiction named the novel, â€Å"among the great works of the imagination written in English in the last decade or more† (Conklin). The Chicago Sunday Tribune s August Derleth called it a shockingly savage prophetic view of one possible future way of life, while honoring Bradbury in sight of his brilliantRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4512071 Words   |  9 Pageslives? In the book Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury depicts a society that is immersed in technology, which becomes an obsession for most of its people. Bradbury also describes the negative effects that come with this technology, especially losing essential human traits like communication and common sense. Finally, Bradbury sends the message that technology is so powerful that it not only controls certain people, but an entire society as well. In the book Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury describes the dangers

Gender Norm Violation free essay sample

Men have. For example, before receiving my pedicure I called a few friends and family member so, I could obtain their thoughts and views on the subject. I was shocked by the amount of negative criticism that I acquired. I was ridiculed by my closest friends whom I thought would be more accepting. The way that they tried to restore gender role normalcy was by asking if my girl friend was forcing me to attend. After denying the involvement of a woman I was back to square one trying to defend my sexuality. I preached that pedicures were more than Just listening to girl talk your bout what shade of pink to color their toe nails. I even informed, too my narrow minded friends, that pedicures releases stress, makes overall appearance look better, and adds softness to your feet. But the fact was I was fghting a battle that I could not win. We will write a custom essay sample on Gender Norm Violation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This culture of ours has such an influence on individuals that its tough to construct gender roles that are outside of normalcy. Besides all the criticisms and being called a fag the overall experience was very enjoyable. I did this gender role violation experiment at the nail salon that is located in the Cherry Valley mall. When I as at the nail salon I did not feel as if I was violating any gender role as a man. The employees treated me with a professional attitude that didnt seem to change when confronted by different sexes. While waiting for the cosmetologist to prepare the massage chair and adjust the water temperature. I was able to view the large variety of different colors of nail polish. At this point in time I started to feel uncomfortable about painting my toes any shade of pink. T hats when it hit me, consciously I was aware that I was doing this experiment, basically for a grade. But something inside e said there is no way in hell Im going to walk out of here wearing bitch flops with pink toes. That voice that came deep within me was not a natural instinct. I was not born with this idea that pink toes should only be on the foot of a women. This idea was socially constructed so we can have a fine line between men and women. I believe men and women are more comfortable interacting with each other when this distinction is clearer. In the end, that socially constructed male dominate voice talked me out of the pink and poke-a-doted design and went with a standard clear coat; that nly added a mere shine to my nail. To wrap the pedicure up she ended with a very nice massage that even the manly-est. man would enjoy. To conclude my pedicure, as with most services, was at the cash register. To my knowledge a pedicure was twenty five dollars. Which was the same price listed on the sign behind the register. Come to find out that pedicures for men were five dollars more than for a woman. Struggling to understand what this little Chinese women, which barely spoke any English, was try to explain. What I comprehended was that a mans foot demands more labor then he average female. This was very shocking to me. The fact being, that the only reason I was there was to better understand stereotypes against gender. When I was being victimized by these same sexist stereotypes. In conclusion I believe people need to get past this idea of gender roles giving to us by society. In my opinion people need to develop their own gender identity depending on how they feel not anyone else. Adaption to this idea wont be easy, but I believe that its now In progress. In the past homosexuality wasnt as acceptable as it is today.

Medical Supply free essay sample

Consider a company that manages a network of hospitals across several counties in one state. Household incomes and the cost of living are higher in urban than rural areas. The company, however, has set the same prices for pharmaceuticals and services in all of its hospitals. It has also paid the same salaries for doctors, nurses, and other professional staff throughout the state. Assumptions: We assume that both, prices and salaries are set according to the cost of living of the region they are set for. This in mind and since prices and salaries of the hospital are equal in rural and urban areas, we assume that the management of the hospital network set prices and salaries according to the average of the living cost of rural and urban areas (= state average cost of living). Independent of how sophisticated the averaging of cost of living was, the average will always be higher than the cost of living in rural areas and lower than the cost of living in urban areas. We will write a custom essay sample on Medical Supply or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The supply of medical treatment, that is the capacity of a hospital, is inelastic as well as the number of positions necessary to supply the treatment. The number of hospitals does not change. Medical treatment refers to both, pharmaceuticals and services, and there combination. Deduction: The cost of living can be taken as price index, indeed is directly proportional to price. Question (a) Management has noticed that there are long waiting lists for treatment at its urban hospitals. Can you explain this problem? Supply and demand for medical treatment is shown in Fig. 1. The capacity of the hospital is fixed, that is the supply is inelastic. As already pointed out under the assumptions, the price for medical treatment in urban hospitals set by the management is according to the average cost of living of the state. Since we further assumed that the salaries of urban area population are according to the actual cost of living, we can also assume that the customer is willing to pay according to the higher cost of living in urban areas, hence, the price of medical treatment set by management is lower than the customer is willing to pay and leads to higher demand by the customers (see full demand curve in Fig. ). Since the hospital capacity is fixed, the higher demand causes a waiting list as shown in Fig. 1. An opposite effect could probably be seen in rural areas, where the price for medical treatment is high compared to the cost of living and could therefore lead to a lower demand as anticipated by the management. Fig. 1: Supply and demand for medical treatment in urban hospitals.

Development of Employment Law The WritePass Journal

Development of Employment Law Abstract Development of Employment Law ). However, an employee has to be at the school leaving age to get the wages. Unlike the NMW, the Equality Act 2010 was drawn due to pressure from external forces, especially other EU countries (Hardy, 2011). Despite the forceful implementation, employees have equal rights regardless of gender, age, religion, race and sexual orientation. Recent moves by government and opposition leaders to curb unions affect the development of employment law. In as much as unions have rights of their members at heart, their leaders end up taking advantage of union positions. As witnessed in the past, decisions by the union chiefs do not reflect the opinion of the majority of union members (Pitt, 2009). The new proposal stating that for a union to carry out a strike it would need majority backing from members is beneficial to the government. The move is also politically instigated due to the financial support offered to political parties. With the recent move by Tory MPs to push for a referendum by 2017, the odds on some sections of the employment law hang in a balance. The referendum’s aim is to hand over the decision to the public to either stay or pull out of the European Union; this is according to an article â€Å"Tories fight off 11-hour filibuster over EU referendum laws† in The Telegraph dated July 18th 2013. According to many silent voices, leaving the EU might be a wrong decision with regards to long term plans (Turner, 2013). For instance, in the event Britain manages to pull out of the EU, then it is possible that new laws might not meet international standards (Holland and Burnett, 2013). Sensitive laws affecting the public including the employment law will be left in the hands of legislators to decide. However, the opposition indicates that the referendum calls might be a hoax from the Conservative Party to try and misdirect the public. According to an article â€Å"EU referendum bill: MPs back in/out poll by 304-0† in The Independent dated July 5th 2013, the Labour Party say the referendum issue is not a matter of national interest. Douglas Alexander, the shadow Foreign Secretary, said that the move was a sign of weakness and not strength. He added that it was a sign of external electoral threat spiced with internal leadership threats. The Agency Workers Directive (AWD) 2010 was a brilliant idea in solving unemployment cases. More people have since been employed through this initiative (Hardy, 2011). However, its regulations under employment law are rather displeasing to employers. Initially, the joint cost for outsourcing workers from an agency was low compared to permanent workers due to extra costs (Holland, 2012). Currently, the government requires that agency and permanent workers be paid same (Benny and Jefferson, 2012). This indicates that an employer will pay extra for the agency worker. In addition, employers tend to avoid tribunal cases involving such workers. Case Laws Case laws are written materials containing judges’ explanations on rulings made. Judges may refer to rulings made earlier or statutory laws. Some current cases may be similar to previous cases (Turner, 2013). In such instances, judges may make similar rulings or alter the ruling based on self-understanding. Reference is still made to the previous case, and reason for deviation also stated (Cushway, 2007). This shows that the same altered ruling can be used later in the future. Statute laws on the other hand, are additional laws mostly from assented bills. At times, they offer further interpretation on the main law. Conclusion Employment laws are subject to further amendments in the future whether internally or through external influence. As long as Britain will still be a member of European Union, it has to stand with other members under common directives. This makes some British statesmen call for the disintegration of the EU. Whether the move will succeed, is a story for another day. What is essential currently is that the government ensures favorable employment laws for its people to ensure economic growth. References Bell, A. C. 2006. Employment law: textbook series. London, Sweet Maxwell. Benny, R., Sargeant, M., Jefferson, M. 2012.  Employment law, 2012 and 2013. Oxford, Oxford University Press. Blanpain, R. 2007.  The global workplace: international and comparative employment law: cases and materials. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Cushway, B. 2007.  The employers handbook: an essential guide to employment law, personnel policies and procedures. London, Kogan Page. Hardy, S. T. 2011. Labour law in Great Britain. Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands, Kluwer Law International. Holland, J. A. 2012.  Employment law 2012. Oxford, Oxford University Press. Holland, J. A., Burnett, S. 2013.  Employment law. Oxford, Oxford University Press. Kidner, R. 2006.  Employment law 2006-2007. Oxford, Oxford University Press. Lewis, D., Sargeant, M. 2004. Essentials of employment law. London, Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. Pitt, G. 2009.  Employment law. London, Sweet Maxwell. Turner, C. 2013.  Unlocking employment law.

Motel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Motel - Essay Example In the report, there is a summary of the issues that cropped up in the scoping process, some of which need to be addressed in the full AEE. Some of the relevant issues for consideration include environmental impacts such as pollution, legal considerations and accessibility. In case of any queries, kindly contact the person undersigned. Sincerely, _____________ Department Manager, Engineering Section. Development of the waterfront hotel in Dunedin: Scoping Report Introduction Purpose and need The scoping process is necessary for identification of various issues such as land, conflicts the environment, ecological issues, cultural issues, health issues and social issues. In order to have a viable scoping report, it was essential that various public meetings were held. The scoping process is more so important in that it identifies all the relevant issues. Such issues stem from the introduction of information or some changes in circumstances. Addressing of the environmental impacts is als o essential due to various concerns that may arise. It can also be relevant to address that might need realignment due to new information. Planning area The proposed project is the building of a 27 storey, five star hotels on an unused section of industrial land. This land is located near Dunedin at 41 Wharf St. This report will be a documentation of the scoping process for the development of the hotel. The scoping report will include the process and an overview of issues realized in the scoping process. Scoping process and limitations Being the first stage in any planning process, scoping largely involves public input in the identification of issues, provision of the requisite resources and any other information, and development of criteria for the planning process. This process is required for the development of an EIS for determination of the scope of issues related to the proposed feat lime the building of the hotel. With such, issues relevant for the management of the area are identified, including those that call for more considerations. This process requires a lot of public input. There were some limitations, however, that came up in the scoping process for the building of the waterfont hotel. Public involvement was limited by the time scheduled for scoping. In order to have a fully representative report, it was essential that the process was accorded more time, for more involvement of the public. Discussion of issues Environmental impacts Among the key considerations the constructors must make include the effects of the facility on the environment. The environment is a primary factor that every construction project must make. Pollution may result either from the construction process or from the completed structure. The constructor must thus consider such with the view of minimizing the effects of pollution. The site for the construction of the twenty seven-story hotel is an unused park. This implies that the park that overlooks a water body is idle thu s open for development. However, people live in the area around the park in both private and public formal settlement structures. The height of the perceived structure demands a deeper foundation. The presence of a water body just within the land may imply that it is a wetland a feature that may affect depth of the foundation thus the height of the hotel by extrapolation. The architecture must consider

Healthcare organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Healthcare organization - Essay Example direction that exists between governance and management as well as seeking to integrate an appreciation with the reader for why both of these are required within the healthcare organization. Firstly, with respect to governance, the reader can and should understand this as â€Å"the strategic task of setting the organization’s goals, direction, limitations, and accountability frameworks† (Prencipe & Bar-Yosef 199). In this way, the reader/researcher can readily integrate with the understanding that such a function of leadership is necessary in order to constrain and elaborate upon the rules of the game with which all of the other shareholders must integrate. Rather than providing an active form of participatory leadership, the role of governance is more intended to lay the underlying framework for how shareholders should integrate with one another, with the patient, and with the provision of healthcare within the system. It is also worth noting that just because governance can be defined in such a way does not make it anything similar to an infallible process; rather, it is just as fallible as management might be. Conversely, management can of course be defined as â€Å"the allocation of resources and overseeing the day to day activities and operations of the organization† (Prencipe & Bar-Yosef 199). In such a way, the reader can understand that although less of a macro approach than governance, management is the means by which governance and the issues that it portends for the shareholders must be engaged. Moreover, the reader and/or researcher can understand the management as opposed to governance is the path by which the â€Å"what† and â€Å"how† of the governance directives are able to ultimately be integrated with the prospective shareholders in the process. As one can expect from the fact that the governance structure was one that presented the macro view, the management process is one that offers a much more integrated and personal approach to